Oyster Restoration in Chesapeake Bay Essay Sample free essay sample

Shellfish reef Restoration has been rehearsed in the Chesapeake Bay for in excess of 100 mature ages using straightforward techniques. Clam hatchlings connect to shells of different shellfish doing middle. raised sedimentations of aggregative shells ( reefs ) . There are huge. 10km2oyster reefs off Louisiana and Mississippi holding shellfish shell sedimentations more prominent than 10 thousand profound. These reefs are basic home reason for an expansive collection of marine creatures that fill in as fundamental eatage species for significant marine fish populaces. The main occupations and dangers to these reef biological systems are digging/digging for shell and building stuffs. underside trawling store. contamination and modified salt governments ( remotion of new water streams ) . Reasonable clam turn out nations may miss adequate underside substrate for gainful regular populaces to blast. Clam Restoration aquaculture recharges base substrate with cleaned. unencrusted shell ( cultch ) for shellfish hatchlings in the H2O section ( meroplankton ) to settle ( set ) and turn out as adult channel feeders. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clam Restoration in Chesapeake Bay Essay Sample or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In add-on. Reclamation aquaculture endeavors have advanced into network based undertakings called clam agriculture ( Rickards. Suchman and DuPaul ) . During the 1980s the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. USA. supported a gathering of recreational shellfish agriculturists to human progress clams using planting procedures. The Chesapeake plan has developed to 2000 members. spread to neighboring territories †including to a major arrangement in Maryland. USA. what's more, has been newly embraced in Mobile Bay. Alabama. USA. Shellfish cultivating Begins with little seed clams got from an aquaculture incubator where broodstock are brought forth. Eggs are treated in the H2O segment. what's more, planktonic hatchlings choose to gave cultch ( squashed stone or intrude on shell ) . where they are developed to the adolescent stage. Skimming coop crates made of PVC outlines with plastic or metal work vexing are utilized to keep adolescent shellfish. The bushels are suspended simply underneath the H2O surface. Containers have palpebras to aside from raiders. Work side are cleaned all the time by nurserymans to permit great H2O trade. At 2 months old enough. seed shellfish are circulated to nurserymans for seting in nations regarded appropriate for clam growout. A propelled Restoration aquaculture undertaking in Maryland. USA. depends on the theory that seagrasses have declined on account of reductions in clam populaces in Chesapeake Bay. Decrease in shellfish sifting limit because of populace reduction would take to more noteworthy H2O turbidness and orderly decreases in seagrasses. As seagrasses decrease. they are less ready to nail down store. which would take to a much more noteworthy abatement in H2O clarity attributable to expanded silt resuspension. Examination laborers are presently chipping away at strategies to reproduce the two seagrasses and clams ( Wieland ) . The Restoration Project The endeavor study portrays exercises that will loan to the Restoration of clam biomass and populaces in the Virginia parts of the Chesapeake Bay. Development and related exercises to be attempted in the proposed endeavor incorporate and related exercises to be embraced in the proposed endeavor incorporate creation new shellfish home ground. seting sickness free quibble and adult brood stocks on reestablished home ground. what's more, migrating sickness safe altercation on-shell to different pieces of the cove. The rules underscore uplifting biogenic stableness and natural administrations. exercises that are reliable with the approval to remake home ground. Effective Restoration will require a since quite a while ago run plot that is connected to committedness and backing. Its assault does vaguely incorporate Restoration for the goals of back uping a business piscary ( Burreson et al. ) . In spite of the fact that the answers to requests refering the great beyond of clam Restoration are non evident from primer outcomes. exploratory and pilot Restoration endeavors do gracefully the balance for explaining future heading plans. Late clam Restoration plans have exploited before endeavors and the exercises learned by before research laborers and have consolidated a considerable lot of the natural and capable elements that were prior distinguished as essential for progress. Moreover. a significant number of the political and financial battles have been set aside in endeavors to focus on explicit heading and Restoration points. A gathering of clam specialists met in 1999 to create suggestions to reproduce and ensure the shellfish assets of Chesapeake Bay. They recognized crucial constituents of clam Restoration endeavors ; working of 3-dimensional reefs. continuing enduring asylum reefs. what's more, picking destinations where regular spatfall will occur. The proposed closes were to recreate 10 % of the noteworthy gainful reef land region. to remake a reasonable open piscary. to uplift regular enrolling. also, to show the effectivity of havens. The accord of a gathering of clam specialists was that Restoration endeavors must go off from simply fishery-driven points so as to focus on natural points. The Restoration teaching ought to be to reproduce and pull off shellfish populaces for their environmental worth however in such a mode, that a maintainable piscary can last. A baywide shellfish evaluation is by and by being directed under the support of the Chesapeake Bay Program. The main points are to create quantitative projections of the solidity of arranged heading choices. to create bearing proposals dependent on the most organically viable mixes of alternatives. what's more, to create succinct proposals for pull offing business shellfish piscaries predictable with Restoration closes ( Wieland ) . At the point when the essential focus on shellfish asset Restoration is to expand arrivals. estimating achievement is clear. The monetary come back from expanded arrivals and gross incomes joins with the financial advantages to grouped industry areas gives a mensurable outcome to Restoration plans. The total of cash spent on Restoration plans can be contrasted straight and the grosss created by the gather home and offer of shellfish. From 1993 through 2002. shellfish crops have non expanded with expanding outgos and endeavors from Virginia’s Restoration plans ( Burreson et al. ) . Plants Cited: Burreson. Eugene. et Al. â€Å"Chesapeake Bay Oyster Restoration. †Chesapeake Research Consortium( 1999 ) . Rickards. Dr. William L. . Dr. Cynthia L. Suchman. furthermore, Dr. William DuPaul. â€Å"Oyster Restoration in the Chesapeake Bay: Can Native and Asiatic Oysters Co-Exist? †Sea Grant Virginia Research( 2006 ) . Wieland. Robert. â€Å"Managing Oyster Harvests in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay. †NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office. Non-local Oyster Research Program.( 2007 ) .

Orporate Sustainability Strategies Sustainability Management

Question: Talk about the Orporate Sustainability Strategies for Sustainability Management. Answer: Presentation Framed in 1993, Ecostore is an exclusive organization that highly esteems being an earth cognizant business that offers an assortment of characteristic and eco-accommodating items. The organization is named a feasible business as it coordinates the rules set out that any organization needs to meet before being delegated a manageable business. The organization makes and stocks items that are centered around the soundness of the individuals and the earth. These items extend from healthy skin, hair, and clothing just as homecare items. With a yearly turnover of around $33million, Ecostore is a fine case of a business that has developed exponentially since arrangement. The plan of action on which the organization is based upon isn't your normal hierarchical benefit making plan of action as Ecostore values being a troublesome not-revenue driven organization. This depends on the way that a level of the business cash raised goes toward its establishment called Fairground which is the foundation arm of the organization. Ecostore holds a significance to the Australian and by expansion the global business scene as it is a case of a business that is designed for maintainability while being naturally cognizant. As indicated by Chan et.al. (2001), it is noticed that associations that are energetic about the natural responsiveness will in general stay serious and increment their piece of the overall industry. In Australia, the market is encountering an interest for supportable items and with the eco-accommodating items offered by Ecostore obviously separates them from the remainder of the opposition in the market. Their items are totally plant and mineral based hence have no negative impact on the earth for the most part the Australian conduits. Chang and Fong (2010) spread it out plainly by saying that earth great items effectsly affect buyers that are similarly enthusiastic about such items. In light of the 2015 carbon trust report by the world bank, the expense of adjusting to new hotter universes are set to rise and this is the place Ecostore has an edge over other worldwide organizations as it is as of now adjusting to the supportability objectives consequently in a superior position not experience any interruptions when different organizations experience the adjustment stage. Job of hierarchical conduct at Ecostore With Ecostore being a problematic not-revenue driven organization, the authoritative conduct at the organization is equipped towards the prosperity of the client. Authoritative conduct envelops the board, representative motivation,worksatisfaction and group holding. All these affect the consumer loyalty and steadfastness (Wiek et al, 2012). With a staff of around 60 representatives, the organization seems to be an intently sew association with the organizer as the CEO. The prosperity of the workers is laced with the vision of the organization and this is obvious in the association among the board and the representatives. As indicated by an article distributed by smartcompany Australia in May 2014, Ecostore is an organization that holds morals in high regard and the authoritative administration center is to improve the workers at what they are acceptable at. Such a methodology makes a casual situation and as ongoing investigations demonstrate such conditions empower workers to flouris h and accomplish their greatest potential. Human asset the executives rehearses at the organization Human asset rehearses are imperative to the establishment of how a companys representatives associate with the organization and brand overall. Ecostore puts a great deal of accentuation on the worker relationship with the organization. With regards to the part of manageability dependent on the human asset the executives rehearses, exhaustive systems that spread all parts of the business are required. These business viewpoints include the board room, the workers, the organization providers just as the clients (Orlitzky et al, 2011). The organization official is known to be permissive with the workers and with such doesn't actualize a progressive method of the board at the organization. The representatives at the organization are counseled for their perspectives on the business just as any thoughts that they may have. This positively affects the use of the different abilities in the organization. Such a methodology has an impact with regards to enlistment and ability maintenance as most representatives would lean toward working at associations where they feel esteemed. Job of global business at the organization Being serious in global markets are each companys long haul vision. This can be credited to the way that there is an expansion in the overall revenues for an organization once it can contend well and agreeable in business sectors outside its area. Ecostore is quickly turning into a worldwide organization with its items being sold in business sectors past Australia and New Zealand. As the organization is continually searching for new and better methods of sourcing crude materials, item improvement, bundling and appropriation, the entrance and infiltration to the universal markets will facilitate a portion of these worries. Ecostores manageability rehearses affect the manner in which the brand markets itself just as its items to the worldwide markets. A case of this is the passage of Ecostores items to the rewarding South Korean market that is very specific on eco-accommodating items (Van Bommel, 2011). The South Korean market is at present encountering an interest for items that have an accentuation on solid living just as insignificant poisonous levels. In view of this, it tends to be noticed that global business has a serious impact on the nature of items in this must be kept up or raised. On account of a drop in gauges, the brand is probably going to endure to in the worldwide market because of the way that the world is presently a worldwide town and how individuals see a brand dependent on its exhibition in various markets impacts their collaboration with the brand (Lubin and Esty, 2010). With the association among itself and wholesalers in the diverse worldwide markets, Ecostore has had the option to promote its items to a more extensive crowd. This implies expanded income for the organization and subsequently expanded development and creation to fulfill the need for its items in the various markets. Job of innovation the executives at the organization In todays world, the utilization and the board of innovation assumes a major job in the accomplishment of organizations that are centered around advancement. Innovation the executives can thusly be characterized as the utilization of the board aptitudes to the turn of events and appropriate utilization of innovation, Khilesh (2013). This is urgent to an association as it encourages the organization to improve its productivity and adequacy while taking care of issues. In light of the above definition, it tends to be noticed that Ecostore has not been deserted as it is continually advancing and utilizing new innovations to create new eco-accommodating items while simultaneously bettering the current ones with no expansion of destructive or poisonous synthetic concoctions to the items or nature. The organization has an assembling office that is ISO 14001 confirmed and this has assumed a huge job in limiting the companys ecological impression. It must be noticed that Ecostore is utilizing innovation to recognize and improve its supportability activities just as distinguish and actualize zones for development in operationswhilst considering in power utilization and waste level administration. Business and development at Ecostore Ecostore was established by Malcom Rands and his significant other in 1993 dependent on the revelation that they were being presented to harmful synthetics in their cleaning and body care items. They understood that in spite of carrying on with the supportable life and utilizing practical natural items, the presentation to these poisonous items was still genuine. The inspiration driving the beginning of the organization was to give sound and eco-accommodating items instead of the current items which had poisonous synthetic compounds and no positive bearing on the earth. Advancement puts a ton of accentuation on adapting in order to pick up information about the items to be conveyed and this drove the Ecostore originator to go through eight years finding out about synthetic compounds, their great side just as the awful side and chose to concoct something new for the market. This sort of advancement is the thing that has prompted the improvement of green items by Ecostore. This part of advancement gives no indication of easing back down as the organization is continually examining and improving better approaches for building up its items while keeping up the green part of the business. A case of this steady and new development is the creation of restrictive bundling bottles made out of sugarcane. The organization moved from the customary plastics produced using petrochemicals that are gotten from rare non-inexhaustible petroleum products to an inexhaustible and progressively maintainable arrangement of utilizing sugarcane to make its jugs. Development is vital to the manageability vision of Ecostore as it intends to be a supplier of clean and ecofriendly items (Varadarajan, 2010). With the headways in innovation, it tends to be noticed that the expense of these developments is consumed by the organization and subsequently no additional expense is passed down to the client. As confirm prior, this consequently impacts the brand and the companys supportability approach all in all. Suggestions As Ecostore looks to extend its compass to the worldwide market while keeping up a fortification on the Australasia advertise, it is significant for the organization to actualize distinctive administration techniques for the various markets. The maintainability part of the organization has figured out how to give it an edge over customary concoction based makers. One of the administration techniques that the organization can actualize later on is an expansion in the online mama

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Research Paper

Lawful and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees - Research Paper Example Electronic checking has been characterized as the mechanized assortment, stockpiling, investigation, and revealing of data about workers gainful exercises (Office of Technology Assessment, 1987). Representative checking has gotten a lot simpler with the approach of new and modest advancements. Electronic Monitoring and observation incorporates practices, for example, video and sound reconnaissance, checking employees’ utilization of PC that incorporates browsing of email, PC records and now and again even keystroke speed. There are numerous purposes behind founding observing and reconnaissance. As indicated by the American Management Association a portion of the fundamental reasons are: execution assessment, consistence with government and nearby laws, security against lawful risk and cost control of the utilization of organization telephone and web. Security and assurance of business data can be refered to as different reasons. There are a few kinds of worker checking and observation frameworks. The most ordinarily utilized are 1)computer observing :With the assistance of PC checking frameworks a business can check an employee’s speed and exactness, screen the quantity of mistakes, the quantity of occupations done, time spent away from PC. This data would then be able to be utilized by the business to keep up records of an employee’s execution and to set execution principles 2) Video reconnaissance: Employers utilize these frameworks to follow representative burglary, and wastage of time 3) Phone tapping: This is the most widely recognized strategy for checking utilized by bosses. Here the quantity of calls, the recurrence, the length and goal of the calls are totally recorded. This data is then used to distinguish if a representative is giving basic data about the association to outcasts and to prepare workers for better client assistance. 4) E-mail and Voice Mail following: In certain workin g environments managers screen a representatives email and voice message. With the assistance of new advances, managers can without much of a stretch track

Role of Financial Institutions in Financial Markets - 825 Words

Role of Financial Institutions in Financial Markets (Essay Sample) Content: Role of Financial Institutions in Financial MarketsNameInstitutionRole of financial institutions in financial marketsA financial market is an all-encompassing term that defines a market place where sellers, potential and actual buyers continuously partake the trading of financial assets (Wilson, Casu MacMillan, 2013). It involves the transfer of funds from lenders or savers who have surplus units to borrowers and spenders who have deficit units owing to their present investing opportunities (Mishkin Easkins, 2014). These assets encompass currencies, bonds, equities, and derivative. In a nut shell, trading usually involves short term assets such as treasury bills to long term ranging assets such as bonds and long term liabilities. Financial markets are present in virtually every country worldwide. The major classifications of significant financial markets include the money markets, the capital markets, bond markets, stock markets, cash or spot markets, foreign exchan ge markets and interbank markets, derivative markets, primary and secondary markets (Mishkin Easkins, 2014). Financial markets are outlined as containing internal and external market forces that influence the prices of the securities involved, rudimentary regulations that govern the costs of trading and the fees involved, and transparent pricing (Bliss Kaufman, 2013). To ensure these standards are adhered with, the financial markets have put in place regulators, particularly for the protection of the interests of the various players in the industry along with maximizing shareholders value. As such, regulators have been put in place to govern commercial banks, investment banks, forex traders, insurance companies, underwriting stock or bond insurance, savings and credit cooperative societies, pension funds, and mutual funds (Bliss Kaufman, 2013). Majority of such institutions are regarded as financial intermediaries. This paper will focus on the main financial institutions, outlini ng the prime industry players in each of them. Financial institutions can be divided into two main categories; depository institutions and nod-depository institutions (Wilson, Casu MacMillan, 2013). Depository institutions are those that receive deposits from persons with surplus units and subsequently deliver credit to persons with deficit units. The depository institutions accept deposits that are usually liquid except for fixed deposits, they accept the risk of loans and they also diversify their loans (Wilson, Casu MacMillan, 2013). Their major sources of income are the interest that arises from offering credit, transaction fees, and income from other investments that they engage in. Major depository institutions include commercial banks, savings institutions, and credit unions (Wilson, Casu MacMillan, 2013). Commercial banks display themselves as the prevailing depository institution. Commercial banks offer an assortment of financial services, notably their varied depos it accounts (Mishkin Easkins, 2014). They conduct the function of offering loans to borrowers as well as engaging in acquisition of debt securities. Commercial banks are nondiscriminatory as they serve both the private and public sector. The Central Bank is the main regulatory institution of commercial banks worldwide. Savings institutions consist of savings banks, and savings and loan institutions, commonly referred to as S Ls. These institutions are usually owned by the depositors, and they focus majorly on mortgages (Mishkin Easkins, 2014). Credit unions, on the contrary, act as nonprofit organizations. They are much smaller compared to the other depository institutions and their business is strictly restricted to their individual members (Mishkin Easkins, 2014). Non depository institutions are those that generate funds from other sources independent from deposits. Examples of these institutions are finance companies, mutual funds, securities firms, insurance companies, and pension funds (Bliss Kaufman, 2013). Finance companies generate funds from the issuance of securities to the public. They also act as lenders, whereby they advance funds to individual borrowers as well as small businesses (Bliss Kaufman, 2013). Mutual funds engage in the selling of shares to surplus units. He funds that are collected by mutual funds are used to purchase a portfolio of securities that are to be distributed to the surplus units. Mutual funds focus on both the capital markets and the money markets (Bliss Kaufman, 2013).Security firms perform various functions, notably the broker function, the dealer function and the investment banking function (Bliss Kaufman, 2013). The broker function consists of performing transactions involving securities between two or more persons. Accordingly, they charge a certain fee which takes the form of a bid-ask spread. As dealers, security firms are able to come up with a market involving certain securities due to the altering of thei r stock. The investment banking function involves the underwriting of securities that have been newly issued (Bliss Kaufma...

Education Biography - 1433 Words

Countless leaders, revolutionaries, and scholars have discerned that only through the trials of experience are we able to clearly identify an established pursuit. This prospect of a delayed reward seemingly motivates us to continue in our endeavors. Finding little relevance in experiences void of challenge or difficulty, we discern our interests largely through the upheaval of current understanding. As we mature we realize that we must first embrace where we came from if we hope to continue to develop, to adapt, and to modify and so we recognize that our past experiences have all undoubtedly led us to here. I have been taught that every person is their own project indicating that†¦show more content†¦As the University of Bristol held no affiliation with my college, I was required to take leave of absence from my university with the firm understanding that any coursework I completed overseas would be null and void upon my return, rendering the completion of my degree nearly impossible to attain within four years. Aware that my program at the University of Bristol was only five months in duration, afterward I would be no more a part of the university than when I first applied. As a visiting student, I would need to apply to an alternative educatioal institution upon completion of my program overseas. A traditional collegiate experience now looked highly unlikely. Fortunately, adhering to tradition has never been as aspiration of mine. 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Comparitive essay on contrasting leadership policies instituted by Mobutu and Nyerere from 1960-1980 free essay sample

The number of similarities between Mobutu’s rule in Zaire and Nyerere’s rule in Tanzania in fact are outweighed by the large extent of the differences between the economic and political implications made by the respective leaders. During the period between 1960 and 1980 policies put in place by the leaders of Tanzania and Zaire greatly differed, each country having its own rate of successes and failures in governing its people. IN terms of an economical comparison between the two countries considered there are far more differences between both how and what policies and models were followed than there are similarities. The only similarities between them are that both, after independence, having been both colonised by European powers, Tanzania by Germany and the Congo by Belgium, contained mainly an agricultural and mining economy with very little industrialization. Both countries contained a majority of impoverished farmers and miners whose countries main export was primary resources. Both also experienced economic threat when the price of resources dropped worldwide in the 70s and the price of oil skyrocketed during the 70s, as the Congo, then named Zaire, and Tanzania had no oil reserves. This caused each country to rely on foreign aid in the later 80s. Besides these few similarities the economic policies and models followed and instituted by the bordering countries were wildly different. One major difference in the economy in the countries is they decided to follow different models/methods of running the economy. In Zaire, after having implemented a failed attempt at nationalisation of foreign companies and mines, known as Zairinisation, Mobutu changed to a capitalist economy model. He promoted entrepreneurship and growing of businesses which he believed would increase the overall wealth of the country and move from a farming prominent country to one containing a growing industry. Tanzania and its leader Nyerere chose to follow a completely different model, theirs focusing on a socialist economic system he had modified to relate to his predominantly tribal based society, which he promoted. He attempted to equalize the wealth and rights of all inhabitants of his nation by having state control of transport, industry and production, which he obtained by nationalizing insurance companies, banks, and large foreign companies. So in the case of the economic models followed by the countries one can see they are different in almost every way. In relation to the above point, both of the rulers had differing methods of controlling the economy of their countries. Mobutu in Zaire aimed to industialise the raw materials farmed and minerals mined. In this he aimed to greatly increase the industry in his country, creating more jobs and bring in more wealth to the country, which follows his capitalistic model. Tanzanian Nyerere believed rather that an industrialization of the country was not in its best interests. Instead he chose to introduce villagisation policy ujaama that focused on making the Tanzanian nation much more self-sufficient. Seeing the many differences in the methods used in each country for assisting the progression of the economy also denounces the claim that there are more similarities in the ruling of the two countries than there are differences. Due to the different economic methods used in Tanzania and Zaire distinct levels of distribution of wealth occurred. In Zaire Mobutu encouraged the emergence of a wealthy elite that held a majority of the economic power in the country, while in Tanzania Nyerere strived to prevent the emergence of a richer class by instituting his ‘leadership code’ that prohibited a secondary source of income for those in political power. Tanzania also attempted to stay away from the threat of neo-colonialism by remaining economically independent from other nations, both western and African. Though the nation did allow for a few economic ties with China including an interest free loan used to build a railway line and due to a failing of his socialist ujaama campaign he was forced to rely on aid in the later 80s. Zaire on the other hand chose to make use of foreign aid and heavily relied on American and western support throughout his term of power, showing yet another distinction between the economies created by the leaders. In identifying these many differences in the economic rulings of Nyerere and Mobutu it is made obvious there are not as frequent similarities as there are divergent cases. In term of a comparison on the political rulings of the respective heads of state it can also be seen there are many more distinctive and differing cases than there are resemblances. Probably the most evident example of the differences in political affairs of the countries is the fact that both Katanga and Kasai seceded from the nation of the Congo, showing division in the political beliefs of the countries inhabitants, as each seceded state set up their own legislative and government. While Tanzania, Tanganyika at the time, merged with the neighboring state of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania, which shows unity and common beliefs in the political idealism of the country. The way in which Mobutu and Nyerere gained political power in their countries also greatly differed. Mobutu only gained power after the previous leader Lumumba was murdered, and after he staged a military coup and took control of the nation. The people of the country had little to no say in regard to how the country was run. Mobutu instituted a single party state, though it seemed to be more of a dictatorship. Nyerere on the other hand received his political power and presidency through a free election containing many political parties. This shows his people had a lot of influence on how he ran the country, at least at the beginning, as he later removed the other opposition parties. These greater differences in the manner in which the leaders gained power also shows more ways in which the politics under the leaders differed. Zaire also differed from Nyerere’s Tanzania in the fact that its government and politics were based on a capitalist society in which anyone could benefit from enterprise and were encouraged to. Mobutu was recorded to have even gone as far as encouraging his people to steal, if only in small amounts,. Mobutu took total control of the capitalist political system and used it to amass a great fortune and greatly enrich those who sided with him in his party. Tanzanian president Nyerere chose to follow a socialist system and focused on stopping those in power from amassing wealth. His Arusha Document of 1967 displayed his interest in leading a socialist equal country. He also later introduced the ‘Leadership Code’ which restricted members of political and governmental power from being involved in external enterprise. This shows yet another difference in the politics of the leaders. IN terms of alliance with external and foreign countries Zaire openly aligned itself to the USA and other western powers in both trade and often in resorting to financial and other aid. Nyerere chose instead to lead his country non-aligned to any major power. The state of alignment of these countries also determined whether they were involved in Cold War politics. Zaire, being in an alignment with western capitalists was greatly involved, while Tanzania was able to avoid getting involved on either the capitalist or communist sides of the Cold War. These political methods once again displays differences in their political make up. Also included in the political section of the countries is the great fragmentation of the people in Zaire which turned into often armed struggles and suppression by the government. Zaire during the 1960s to 80s was split into 4 regimes of which three were supported by western powers and the other by the USSR showing turmoil in the idealism of the people. Contrasting Zaire was Nyerere’s use of incorporating all of his peoples traditions and religions as well as a sense of national unity to create a sense of national pride which all inhabitants shared. This restricted the amount of fragmentation of his people and he was able to satisfy his countries people, though later on in his rule he was forced to make his ujaama villagisation compulsory which created revolts in the farming communities. The two countries are shown here to have different levels of political fragmentation displaying less similarities exist than the extent the defer from one another. Throughout the countries and their leader’s ruing terms many differences in both the political make up and the economical methods are shown. In seeing the fact that both the government and public affairs, as well as the way in which money flows in each of the countries differ greatly it is possible to deduce that the extent in which the two leaders and their policies contrast one each other far outweigh the similarities during the period of time through t the 1960s and 1980s.

Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle Essay Example

Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle Paper * What led the archaeologist to the site? Through his work, Wheeler had acquired an interest for excavating and examining sites in Britain. He had previously excavated Roman remains in Essex, Wales and Verulamium, a Pre-Roman settlement near St. Albans in England1. Maiden Castle, in Dorset County, offered much in the way of archaeology. It was thought to contain much evidence from Iron Age and Roman periods and offered a challenge for archaeologists to unearth its rich past. Mortimer Wheeler was drawn to the site because of the prospect of unearthing a piece in the puzzle of early British and Roman history. Wheeler saw it a challenge that he was up to, he attempted to use his experience to piece together a missing part in British history. We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * His methods of excavation. One of the main reasons Mortimer Wheeler is remembered today is for his pioneering of the box grid system. He developed a system that divided the field into small squares, each separated by a narrow baulk2. As the site of Maiden Castle was so large it was imperative that finds and their data were accurately recorded. Wheeler maintained strict control of his sites and meticulous organisation of stratigraphy, and all other aspects of operations on site, was exercised. It was commented that it took on the appearance of a military operation3. Each box had team with a leader who reported to Wheeler. As well as his use of the box grid method, Wheeler also used long narrow trenches alongside the boxes as well as exposing large areas of earth in the same area. He was very particular about finding, preserving as much evidence as possible in order to present accurate findings4. For example the discovery of certain fragments of ash in one of the stratum of the site led him to draw certain concl usions about the events that occurred there. * Problems encountered. Because of the protruding nature of the site of Maiden Castle it is easy to presume that excavation of the site would not pose much of a problem in regard to finding evidence. Because of the nature of the site and the civilisations that inhabited it this was not the case. After 2000 years of erosion much of the battlements and surrounding evidence had been destroyed5. Another problem in discovering evidence was the long periods of use undergone by the site. The site had been occupied by many civilisations including Neolithic, late Stone Age/early Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and possibly Saxon people. Because of the extensive use of the site much valuable information and evidence was destroyed, looted or misplaced6. * Significance of the discovery. The discovery of Maiden Castle was a huge discovery in the history of early Europe and its progression into modern times. Maiden Castle is the largest known hill fort in Europe and paints a vivid picture about the lives, technologies and cultures of the early Celtic settlement in the British Isles7. The evidence uncovered at Maiden Castle gives an indication of the likely militaristic nature of the Iron Age people who constructed the fort as we know it today. The data acquired from the castle also proves and confirms aspects of Roman occupation in Britain and their culture of the time8. * Problems of Reconstructing/Preservation When it comes to Maiden Castle there has been much disagreement and dispute over what events actually took place there. Mortimer Wheelers excavations led him to develop what was seen as a very elaborate and fictitious story about what occurred when the fort passed hands from the Celtic Durotriges tribe to the Romans9. Mortimers account was highly fictional involving a extremely vicious Roman massacre of all within the castle setting fire to all buildings and pillaging it to the ground10. This reconstruction by Mortimer was challenged by many archaeologists and has since been proven wrong11. This raises questions about the credibility of Wheelers work and poses doubts about whether this is truly what Wheeler believed of whether it was done for publicity reasons. Preservation of Maiden Castle was a big issue because of the exposed location of the structure. Maiden Castle has already undergone much degradation and erosion and measure to prevent further destruction of the site were undertaken by the English Heritage Commission12.

Biography of James K. Polk, 11th US President

Biography of James K. Polk, 11th US President James K. Polk was president during the Mexican American War and the era of Manifest Destiny. Learn more about the 11th president of the United States. James K. Polks Childhood and Education James K. Polk was born on November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He moved with his family at the age of ten to Tennessee. He was a sickly youth who suffered from gallstones. Polk did not begin his formal education until 1813 at the age of 18. By 1816, he entered the University of North Carolina and graduated with honors in 1818. He decided to enter politics and also was admitted to the bar. Family Ties Polks father was Samuel, a planter and landowner who was also a friend of  Andrew Jackson. His mother was  Jane Knox. They had been married on Christmas Day in 1794. His mother was a staunch Presbyterian. He had five brothers and four sisters, many of whom died young. On January 1, 1824, Polk married Sarah Childress. She was  well-educated and wealthy. While first lady, she banned dancing and liquor from the White House. Together, they had no children. James K. Polks Career Before the Presidency Polk had focused on politics his whole life. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1823-25). From 1825-39, he was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives including serving as its speaker from 1835-39. He was a great ally and supporter of Andrew Jackson. From 1839-41, Polk became Governor of Tennessee. Becoming President In 1844, the Democrats were having a difficult time getting the necessary 2/3 of the vote to nominate a candidate. On the 9th ballot, James K. Polk who had only been considered as a Vice Presidential candidate was nominated. He was the first dark-horse nominee. He was opposed by Whig candidate Henry Clay. The campaign centered around the idea of annexation of Texas which Polk supported and Clay opposed. Polk received 50% of the popular vote and won 170 out of 275 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments as President James K. Polks  time in office was eventful. In 1846, he agreed to fix the boundary of the Oregon territory at the 49th parallel. Great Britain and the United States disagreed about who claimed the territory. The Oregon Treaty meant that Washington and  Oregon  would be a territory of the U.S. and Vancouver would belong to Great Britain. Much of Polks time in office was taken up with the  Mexican War  which lasted from 1846-1848. The annexation of Texas which had taken place at the end of  John Tylers time in office hurt relations between Mexico and America. Further, the border between the two countries was still disputed. The U.S. felt that the border should be set at the Rio Grande River. When Mexico would not agree, Polk prepared for war. He ordered General  Zachary Taylor  to the area. In April 1846, Mexican troops fired on the U.S. troops in the area. Polk used this to push forward a Declaration of War against Mexico. In February 1847, Taylor was able to defeat the Mexican army led by  Santa Anna. By March 1847, U.S. troops occupied Mexico City. Concurrently in January 1847, Mexican troops were defeated in California. In February 1848, the  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  was signed  ending the war. By this treaty, the border was fixed at the Rio Grande. By this means, the U.S. gained California and Nevada amongst other present-day territories amounting to over 500,000 square miles of land. In exchange, the U.S. agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the territory. This agreement reduced the size of Mexico to half of its former size. Post Presidential Period Polk had announced before taking office that he would not seek a second term. He did retire at the end of his term. However, he did not live much past that date. He died only three months later, possibly from Cholera. Historical Significance After Thomas Jefferson, James K. Polk increased the size of the United States more than any other president through the acquisition of California and New Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War. He also claimed Oregon Territory after a treaty with England. He was a key figure in Manifest Destiny. He was also an extremely effective leader during the Mexican-American War. He is considered to be the best one-term president.

Contemporary issues in marketing-Apple Inc Essay

Contemporary issues in marketing-Apple Inc - Essay Example The intention of this study is Apple Inc, previously known as Apple Computer, Inc., as a multinational corporation based in United States of America. It designs, manufactures as well as markets wide range of electronics and computer products or hardware as well as various computer software. It was established in 1976 in Cupertino, California, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, although Wayne got dissociated from the company the next year itself. The first product they sold was Apple I personal computer kit, which was actually a motherboard of a computer, and included a CPU, RAM and some video related chips. It was hand-built by Steve Wozniak, and included only the basic components of the today’s computer. After functioning for 30 years as Apple Computer, Inc. it became Apple Inc in 2007, as the company focused on the consumer electronics sectors like Cellphones, in addition to its traditional area of computers. As mentioned above, Apple Inc. started off with compu ters particularly its Macintosh line of computers. From that start, Apple Inc. is now offering wide range of products and that includes Computers, the iPod (both audio and video features), the iPhone and iPad. Other than these hardware products, Apple Inc. also offers software applications like Mac OS X, an operating system for its line of computers, iOS, a operating system for the mobiles, iTunes online store as well as media browser; the iLife a multimedia tool, wide range of apps or applications for iPhones and iPads. Market segmentation The market segments of Apple Inc. does get restricted to particular territories, it sells its products through the world, thus catering to various geographical market categories. However, with the prices of its products mainly in the upper ranges, it does not sell its products maximally in low-cost markets. Although, it sells its products in low Cost markets like least developed and developing countries in Asia, Africa and South America, it does not cover all markets, and sells only minimally. When one views market demographically, as mentioned above, people from different age-groups, different sex, etc. buy its products. The customers of Apple Inc. include people from various sections of the population or various market segments, who want to buy electronics hardware as well as software for their day-to day living, entertainment and also for their professional work as well. As Apple Inc. offers range of day-to-day used products, particularly mobile phones, it is being used by customers of all ages, who want a Smart phone to fulfill their professional commitments as well as entertainment quotient. On the same lines, iPad is being bought by customers who want portable computing for the above mentioned purposes. iPod on the other hand are bought by the customers, particularly in the age segment of 15-35, mainly for entertainment. Along with these, Apple’s other products and softwares are also used by â€Å"professional content creators like authors, musicians, artists, filmmakers who want tools that free them to focus on their art, not the technology† (Chazin 2007). As Apple Inc. offers products constituting different product market categories, its competitors include various companies and products. When one focuses worldwide, the competitors of Apple Inc. in the Personal computer segment are Dell, HP, etc, in Operating systems, it is Microsoft Windows, in mobile phones, it

Different modes of interpreting treaties between North American Essay

Different modes of interpreting treaties between North American Aboriginal Peoples and the Crown - Essay Example Hence treaties between the aboriginal people and the crown establish a moral basis and a moral and constitutional basis of alliance between the people of the first nation and the sovereign institutions of Canada. The treaties which they have made are right important to the Canadian natives because they perceive them to be sacred. The binding character and the sacredness of their treaties with the crown is not to be primarily found on the legalistic language or the signature marks which adorned the treaty documents. The sacredness of the aborigines treaties were rooted in what they referred to as the aboriginal languages (Canadian natives), at the time when they were negotiating the treaties with the crown, deliberations were usually accompanied with an exchange of some presents which were symbolically significant or by smoking a sacred pipe. On the side of the crown the basic principles of treating making was initiated by King George III. Most recently these treaties have been interpreted differently by different institutions such as the courts. The discussion in this paper will include the literal approach, focusing on the written version of treaty presented by the Government of Canada; "spirit and intent" approach, focusing on the Indian understanding of the treaty terms and the oral account of the treaty; and the legal interpretation of treaties by Canadian and International courts. The writer will also suggest the mode of interpretation which it’s perceives to be more accurate or correct. The binding character and the sacredness of treaties on the Aboriginal side is not to be found in the legalistic language or in the signature marks which adorns the documents of the treaty, (Bear 1991 p. 8) Instead these treaties forces are rooted in what is shown by the aboriginal languages during negotiations when treaty signing were

Native American Indians Then and Now Essay Example for Free

Native American Indians Then and Now Essay Native American Indians Native American Indians have not changed much in hundreds of years. The Natives still have the same belief as they did from the beginning of time. They are still forced to live on reserved lands that do not seem livable and are in worse conditions now than ever before. Even though people think due to casinos that the American Indians have it made, the Natives are still being mistreated, many tribes are well below poverty levels, highest in death rates, have the most number of preventable diseases, the highest of teen suicide than anywhere in the Nation. Native American Indians traditions go back to the beginning of time. The Native religion is more about sacred and ceremonies. The Native people do not have a word for religion it is more a way of life to them than a religion. According to one researcher, â€Å"There is not one Native tradition to represent Native religion. Just as there are numerous Christian beliefs the Native people have many different beliefs. The Native ceremonies are so similar that it is impossible to discuss them as one† (Burbar, and Vernon 2006) The Natives have always been connected to the lands. Most of their ceremonies and sacred objects come from the lands and has everything to do with how they feel about them. Native people do not believe they can own the lands that people are merely caretakers of it. The Native believe that the land is a gift from the Creator, put here to give them tools for survival. They believe if they take something from the land that they must give thanks for the gift given. They do this by offering sacred herbs, prayer, and dance. Native American Indians The Native people give each member roles to keep the villages running smoothly. The Native men hunt and protect the village, while the women gather fruits, berries, and keep the camps, the children gathered wood, help clean hides, look after the younger children and clean the camps. One researcher studies tells stories of how some tribes are at certain times in the tribal life. â€Å"On the Northwest coast, young women were taught that the wives of Makah whale hunters must very still in bed while their husbands hunted, since their movement influenced the whale’s behaviors. In a Navajo story Black God had all animals penned up until his wife opened the gate. The animals escaped and thereafter had to be hunted, (Kidwell, 1998). All of this became threatened with the arrival of foreigners. With the foreigners coming and bringing there Christian beliefs the Native traditions were going to be challenged. With the start of the White Mans government the Natives faced having several ceremonial rights taken away for hundreds of years. The Natives were stopped from worshiping in manners they were accustomed. The Natives were forced to worship the Christian belief and if they refused they were put to death or imprisoned. Many of the Native traditional ceremonies were stopped completely. Two of those rights at this time were the Ghost Dance, and the Sun dance. The Natives found ways around this; they would go to places they knew white men would not to have ceremonies that had been band. Due to so many of the Native rights being taken away the Natives formed a group called â€Å"American Indian Movement† (AIM). AIM in the early years was called â€Å"Indian wars†. After fighting the government for several years and fighting for their right to religious freedom President Jimmy Carter signed the American Indian Religious freedom Act, Native American Indians (AIRFA). Burke, and Vernon, 2006), AIRFA was one of the very few times when congress gave the Natives the legislative right to worship in the manner he or she feels fit. (Burke, and Vernon, 2006). After a few more decades of being mistreated and having rights taken and treaties broken Aim reformed again. AIM’s early and best known leaders, Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt, these Native men formed together to fight for the rights of all indigenous peoples across the world. According to one research study, the â€Å"Trail of Broken Treaties† was â€Å"AIM’s first national pretest event of the 1970’s. AIM’s best-known and controversial protest action began February 1973 in Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a small town in Pine Ridge Reservation†, (Encyclopedia Race and Racism p. 82) better known now as the â€Å"Siege at Wounded Knee†. The siege lasted 71 days and when it was over several of the AIM members were arrested for causing riots. Many of the AIM leaders spent years in legislation, exile, or prison. One of the best known cases is that of Leonard Peltier. Peltier was imprisoned for killing two FBI agents. Several years later it was proven that Peltier did not receive a fare trial. Much of the evidence was not allowed in court and was suppressed from the jurors. After decades of trying to get Peltier freed from prison he was finally deemed the only American political prisoner in 1984. Peltier is still in prison to this day and the Natives are still fighting for his release. A more resent less known case August 22, 2008 of the Natives not receiving justice is the case of Robert Whirlwind Horse 23 and Calonnie Randall 26. These two Natives was struck and killed by a drunk driver Timothy Hotz while walking on a reservation road. This was Hotz Native American Indians fourth DUI, one year prior Hotz had his third DUI. After striking the Natives Hotz continued to drive home without stopping. The next morning Hotz noticed hair on his bumper and turned him self in to authorities. Mr. Hotz received 51 months for killing the Native men. This infuriated the Natives once again. (Means, Russell, Republic of Lakota 2009, April 22). Another case of a young native boy went to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and was upset at the justice received over Hotz actions and was outraged. He shot one bullet into the radiator of the BIA agent’s car and received 20 years imprisonment. The Natives are still being forced to live on reservations. The reservations are in such horrendous conditions almost all the reservations are in worse conditions than most third world countries, (Republic of the Lakotah, conditions); According to one Native â€Å"It is like living in Hattie’s†,(Means Russell). The Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota is one such reservation. â€Å"The United States Government has not upheld many of it promises to the Lakotah people and the results to this is astonishing†, (Means, Russell, Republic of the Lakotah). Due to the conditions the Lakotah people are forced to live in has caused them to have the highest death rates than anywhere else in the Nation. Reservations across the country are well below the poverty level. (Figure 3 below) The average life span of a Lakotah Male is 44 years. (Figure 1 below) The Lakotah people have the most preventable diseases than anywhere in the nation. Much of the disease could be stopped if the government would allow the Natives have vaccines and medications. The teen suicide rates are the highest of anywhere in the nation.

Western Perceptions of the American Indian Essay -- Indians Native Ame

Western Perceptions of the American Indian In this reflective essay, I discuss how the Europeans perceived the American Indians and the factors that shaped these perceptions. I have paid particular attention to the first-hand accounts of the encounters with the natives, written by Western explorers, missionaries, and visitors to the New World. It is particularly interesting to note how these accounts were distorted and exploited by different groups, each trying to mold the situation in their own way. We shall start with a reflection on cannibalism, and the myriad myths it engendered, since it can be argued that nothing about the Indians alienated the Europeans as much as this bizarre practice. Cannibalism, formally known as anthropophagy, was an anathema to Europeans armed with Christian precepts about morality and kindness to one’s fellow man. It was evidence of these acts that served to perpetuate many of the negative portrayals of the Indians that spread throughout the old continent. While the Europeans were certainly disgusted by cannibalism, nevertheless, it still served to intrigue them. Indeed, many explorers, upon arriving at the Americas, sought to witness it for themselves. We can deduce from these tales that there is something inherently exotic about the concept of eating human flesh that has captivated the human imagination for millennia. The noted anthropologist William Arens is known to have said that â€Å"Cannibalism is so good to think about that the human appetite is not easily satisfied.† Some theorists have suggested that myths of cannibalism were exploited to demonize those whom the Westerners sought to colonize. (Some radical historians even propose that tales of cannibalism may have been mere fabri... ...--------------------------------- [1] Kimberle S. Lopez, Latin American Novels of the Conquest (London: University of Missouri Press, 2002) 30. [2] Geoffrey Symcox, ed. Italian Reports on America 1493-1522: Letters, Dispatches, and Papal Bulls. (Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2001) 43. [3] Bartholome de las Casas, Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies. (1542) [4] Michel de Montaigne, â€Å"Of Cannibals†, In Selected Essays of Montaigne, trans. Donald M. Frame. (New York: Walter J. Black, 1943) 85-6. [5] Lynn Glaser, America on Paper: The First Hundred Years (Philadelphia: Associated Antiquaries, 1989) 161. [6] Bart L. Lewis, The Miraculous Lie: Lope de Aguirre and the Search for El Dorado in the Latin American Historical Novel (New York: Lexington Books, 2003) 8. [7] Lewis 12.

History Since 1500 Essay

Modern history began in the end of the 15th century, which witnessed the beginning of Reformation and the discovery of the new continent. In the following five centuries, many historic events (such as the two world wars and the cold war) have fundamentally changed our world in the fields of politics, economics, and culture. Political Systems in Europe after the Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) refers to a series of wars intermittently fought chiefly between the Roman Empire and the Protestant principalities with which French allied. Theses wars were fought for religious, territorial, dynastic, and commercial reasons (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009). After the Thirty Years War ended with the Peace of Westphalia, European states were divided into different political regimes. For the five most important ones, Spain, Portugal and France remained absolute monarchies, while Holland and England became a republic and a constitutional monarchy respectively. The political differences significantly affected these countries’ performance. While being the first European counties to start colonial enterprises, Spain and Portugal’ rejection of new ideologies and new political thinking rendered them weaker day by day. There is no doubt that ideological change plays an important role in political change. That is to say, the Reformation made those Protestant states much easier to adopt more democratic political forms: a republic or a constitutional monarchy. It is worth noting that the defeat of the Spanish Armada happened in 1588, almost three decades before the start of the Thirty Years’ War. It is safe to say that Protestantism was one factor that brought Capitalism, which requires a more democratic political system. Among the five nations, only the Dutch Republic was as enlightened and democratic as England, and even more so at times. For instance, the Pilgrim Fathers took refugee in Holland before settling in the Plymouth colony. For another, the constitutional monarchy in England was made possible by the Dutch invasion during the Glorious Revolution. However, the Dutch Republic was too small to be a colonial superpower for a long time. The lack of manpower and resources led to Dutch defeats in the four Anglo-Dutch wars, and â€Å"when the last war ended in May 1784, the Dutch were at the nadir of their power and prestige† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009, par. 4). In sharp contrast with the Dutch Republic, the French Bourbon Monarchy was then a much larger country than England and the most powerful European state in the early 18th century. However, its backward political system made it unfit for the global competition with Britain. After defeating France in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), England became both the dominant power in North America and the global superpower in addition to the naval supremacy it had maintained since 1590s. The Causes of World War One Before the First World War, a great many wars had been fought in Europe for various reasons: such as the thirty years’ war, the Anglo-Dutch wars, the Anglo-French wars, and the Napoleonic wars. Of the wars mentioned above, some were fought on a big scale. For instance, the Seven Years’ War between Britain and France were fought both in Europe and in American colonies, bearing some resemblance to the First World War. However, we can not deny that World War One was far more catastrophic than any previous war. Thus, what was it about the modern world that caused such a catastrophe, and let people doubt the virtues of progress in its aftermath? The immediate cause of the Great War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 by a Serbian nationalist. However, the incident itself was not worth a total war; there were other deep-rooted reasons. Undoubtedly, national state (nationalism) was one of the main causes. Since 1850s, a number of national states, such as Germany, Italy, and Japan, arose from across the globe, trying to unify and centralize their nations. There were also some failed attempts, such as the Hungarian Revolution (1848) and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) in China, both struggling for national independence from their foreign rulers. However, these nationalist movements were quite problematic and troublesome themselves. First, these nations intended to build up unified and centralized states for themselves, but denied equal rights to ethnic minorities within their boundaries. For example, while unifying German states in central Europe, Prussia never considered the self-determination of the Polish population. Second, during the unification, these national states failed to solve territorial disputes with their neighbors peacefully. For instance, territorial disputes over Alsace and Lorraine were one of the main causes of the Prussian French war, which started the lasting hostility between Germany and France until the end of the World War Two. Moreover, because modern national states were more centralized and got more so during the war period, World War One became both the first â€Å"total war† and the first â€Å"war of attrition†. In addition to national states (nationalism), interdependence and modernization also played a role in causing this catastrophe. Machine gun and trench were two embodiments of the First World War. Machine gun and heavy artillery made the army a much more efficient killing machine; the well fortified trenches let the massacre on the western front continue for over four years. New technologies can also shorten the war and thus reduce the casualties, such as the German blitzkrieg on the western front in World War Two. But in World War One, they only greatly prolonged the stalemate. European industrialization and commercialization in the 19th century made them more dependent on each other and on oversea colonies: they needed raw material, market, and capital from outside their own territories. Therefore, each country paid more attention to alliance and navy to protect their market, resources, and trade routes. The diplomatic maneuverings and the naval competitions obviously heightened the tensions between individual states and between deferent blocs. The Cold War After World War One, the Soviet Union and the United States were two superpowers along with Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. However, the Soviet Union and the U. S. had larger territories and populations than other nations. After the Second World War, the defeated Germany and Japan lost all their colonies, so did Britain and France in a much longer period. As a result, Russia and America became the only two post-war superpowers—Japan and Germany were no longer military powers while Britain and France were too small to qualify. It was this bipolar state made the cold war possible: the two superpowers could incorporate smaller nations into their camps to fight a long lasting war of ideology, politics, and economics. The cold war era refers to an unpleasant yet less painful and bloody period compared to the two world wars. Yet, this definition was from the two opposing military groups’ (NATO and WARSO pact countries) standpoint; for those former colonies (quasi-colonies), this view can not be farther from the truth. During the cold war, NATO and the WAWSOW did not confront each other in order to avoid a nuclear war, which could annihilate both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Yet, the collapse of the colonial system offered them a distant and relatively safe battlefield—the newly independent former colonies (quasi-colonies). Conflicts there had made the cold war nastier, bloodier, and more suffering. For many third world countries, the cold war era is the most painful period in modern history as they served as pawns in the ideological war between Russia and US. In the cold war era, the two biggest wars were fought in Korea and Vietnam; Cambodia saw the biggest massacre after World War Two; China experienced the greatest famine (1959-1961) in human history and the Cultural Revolution almost wiped out this 5,000 years old civilization. However, these events themselves did not decide the course of the cold war. The communists fought to stalemate in Korea, won the Vietnam War. However, several months after Chinese communists crushed peaceful protesting students and civilians with tanks and armed vehicles and firmly controlled the situation, communist regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe quickly collapsed. Since 1500, human being has made breath-taking progress in government, technology, business, education, health care, etc; it has also suffered a great deal from wars, national rivalries, epidemics, environmental damages, natural disasters, and all kinds of discriminations while living standards have been steadily improving. Since technology and productivity can be double-edged swords, it is urgent for the current generation to learn the lessons from the past five centuries.

Financial Crisis 2008 Essay - 1160 Words

Just after ten years of Asian financial crisis, another major financial crisis now concern for all developed and some developing countries is â€Å"Global Financial Crisis 2008.† It is beginning with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on Sunday, September 14, 2008 and spread like a flood. At first U.S banking sector fall in a great liquidity crisis and simultaneously around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. (Global issue) According to the specialists, there are many reasons for this global financial crisis. We try to focus some prime reasons behind this†¦show more content†¦Declining price attract people with the easy loan facilities of their banks. And banks are ready with very high risk loans. This excess supply of home inventory placed significant downward pressure on prices. As prices declined, more homeowners were at risk of default and foreclosure. According to the SP/Case-Shiller price index, by November 2007, average U.S. housing prices had fallen approximately 8% from their Q2 2006 peak and by May 2008 they had fallen 18.4%. The price decline in December 2007 versus the year-ago period was 10.4% and for May 2008 it was 15.8%. Housing prices are expected to continue declining until this inventory of surplus homes (excess supply) is reduced to more typical levels. Speculation - Speculation in real estate was a contributing factor. During 2006, 22% of homes purchased (1.65 million units) were for investment purposes, with an additional 14% (1.07 million units) purchased as vacation homes. During 2005, these figures were 28% and 12%, respectively. In other words, nearly 40% of home purchases (record levels) were not primary residences. NARs chief economist at the time, David Lereah, stated that the fall in investment buying was expected in 2006. Speculators left the market in 2006, which caused investment sales to fall much faster than the primary market Mortgage fraud - Misrepresentation of loan application data and mortgage fraud are other contributing factors. US DepartmentShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis 20085972 Words   |  24 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008 Group’s member:Nguyá »â€¦n NhÆ ° Nam (C)Phan Thu AnNguyá »â€¦n Thà ¹y DungHoà  ng Bà ¡ SÆ ¡nNgà ´ Thá »â€¹ à nh Tuyá º ¿tDate: 28/11/2014 | AbstractIn 2008 the world was fell into the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Although this crisis has gone, however, its consequences for the economy of many countries is very serious, even now many nations are still struggling to escape difficulty. Just in a short period, the crisis originating from AmericaRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis 20083250 Words   |  13 Pages1. 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